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Among the world's religions, views on masturbation vary widely. Some religions view it as a spiritually detrimental practice, some see it as not spiritually detrimental and others take a situational view. Among these latter religions, some view masturbation as allowable if used as a means towards sexual self-control, or as part of healthy self-exploration, but disallow it if it is done with wrong motives or as an addiction. == Buddhism == The most used formulation of Buddhist ethics are the Five Precepts. These precepts take the form of voluntary personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third precept is "to refrain from committing sexual misconduct". However, what defines "sexual misconduct" is vague and often debatable, and different schools of Buddhism have different interpretations. Buddhism was advanced by Gautama Buddha as a method by which human beings could end dukkha (suffering) and escape sansara (cyclic existence). Normally this entails practicing meditation and following the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path as a way to subdue the passions which, along with the skandhas, cause suffering and rebirth. Masturbation (Pali: ''sukkavissaṭṭhi'') can be viewed as problematic for a person who wishes to attain the highest goal of enlightenment and liberation from samsara.〔() Not having sexual intercourse, including masturbation, any action that brings an orgasm and so forth, because this results in a rebirth. Loss of seed causes the organs to lose power, the mind to become unclear, the senses to lose power, and the body to lose color. The worst things are sexual intercourse in a holy place, where there are gurus or holy objects, intercourse with a female arhat, a celibate person, or the mother, or oral and anal intercourse. This precept includes anything that causes loss of sperm. Nocturnal emission in dreams and so forth is not exactly the same as if it is done consciously, but we still create negative karma. To do it consciously creates much more bad karma than dream time. Generally, the action that is the opposite of the precept brings the opposite negative result, takes us further from enlightenment, and keeps us longer in samsara. Even if the person is near to realizations, if he breaks the precepts he tends to lose knowledge and continuously suffers, mostly in the three lower realms. This is the basic total result of breaking any of the precepts. It’s the same thing for sexual intercourse, loss of seed—this takes us further from enlightenment and makes us always attached to temporal happiness. On this basis even if the person is born in the three upper realms the person is continuously attached to the action and the temporal happiness of it. This mental habit always continues to get stronger in future lifetimes and is difficult to control, and even though one receives a human body it has ugly colors and imperfect organs. Also in the present lifetime, for the person who wants to meditate, this can be the greatest disturbance. We may think that doing the action of masturbation a great deal will stop it, but this is wrong, a big mistake: it is like trying to stop the fire by pouring petrol into fire. This action is extremely old. For all sentient beings, as humans we did it, and we have done it in every form, countless times. None of this experience is new. It is because of the habit, ignorance, and attachment to this action that it has not stopped, and it is endless if an effort is not made to stop it. This is one of the greatest disturbances to meditation—it doesn’t keep the mind relaxed and as a result of the attachment to temporal happiness, the mind is taken out of meditation. Due to this, we are always attached to other people of opposite sex and much distracted. Memories always come into the mind; and also it causes us to have unclear visualizations of Buddha, so that when we meditate we don’t see the object clearly, and may not remember Him even if it’s a usual object. From the Mahayana tantric yoga practice point of view sexual intercourse is the worst disturbance for meditation.〕 An article from Beliefnet and Brian Schell, a writer for DailyBuddhism.com, both suggest that masturbation is essentially harmless for a layperson, at least outside the realm of karma〔http://www.dailybuddhism.com/archives/1081〕〔http://www.beliefnet.com/Love-Family/2001/07/Masturbation-Does-Your-Religion-Give-It-A-Thumbs-Up-Or-Thumbs-Down.aspx>〕 Shravasti Dhammika, a Theravadin monk, cites the ''Vinaya Pitaka'' in his online "Guide to Buddhism A to Z", stating the following: The emphasis on chastity in Buddhism is much more so for bhikkhus and bhikkhunis (renunciates), who vow to follow the rules of the Vinaya. Not only are monastics celibate, but they also take more and stricter vows in order to conquer their desires. In the Theravadin tradition, masturbation is stressed as being more harmful for upāsakas and upāsikās who practice the Eight Precepts on Uposatha days, leading a more ascetic lifestyle that does not allow for masturbation. There are also references in the ''Upāsakaśīla sūtra'': "If sex is practised under the inappropriate times (times not allowed by precepts), () inappropriate place() (places not allowed by precepts), with non-female(), with virgin(), with a married wife, if sex relates to self-body, it is known as sexual misconduct."〔Sūtra of the Upāsaka Precepts, fascicle 6, Chapter 24a 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Religious views on masturbation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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